Publications

Many medical conditions, including inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), are often accompanied by a high prevalence of depressive episodes. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, were implicated in illness-associated depressive conditions, both in humans and in animals. For example, MS-associated depression (MSD) was attributed to pathophysiological processes such as immune dysregulation and cerebral inflammation. We have recently documented a depressive-like behavioral syndrome in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established model of MS. In the present paper, we discuss the similarities between the EAE-associated behavioral syndrome (EBS) and MSD, in terms of phenomenology, putative mechanisms and responsiveness to anti-depressive therapy. In particular, we show that: (1) EAE and depression are associated not only with similar behavioral symptomatology, but also with common physiological alterations, including impaired serotonergic neurotransmission, and activation of neuroendocrine (e.g., adrenocortical) and inflammatory cytokine systems; (2) the EBS precedes any neurological deficit during the initial EAE attack, as well as further exacerbations, and remits during recovery and between relapses. Similarly, in many MS patients depression precedes and accompanies the attacks and wanes during remissions; (3) females show increased susceptibility to EBS. Similarly, depression is much more prevalent in women than in men; (4) chronic treatment with the tricyclic anti-depressant imipramine reduced EAE-induced mortality, body-weight loss and behavioral suppression. Similarly, anti-depressant drugs have been used effectively in treating MSD. These findings suggest that the EBS may serve as an animal model for MSD.